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In 2000, TWP and Proleña in Nicaragua began implementing Forest Replacement Association (FRA) programs. An FRA is defined as “a mechanism on which small and medium fuelwood consumers - and also other wood consuming industries- which are legally held accountable for the sustainability of their wood consumption, do associate among themselves in order to create a forest enterprise to foster reforestation among neighbouring farmers, aimed to replace in nature its consumption of wood” (Miranda et al. 2010)1. The following image from Miranda et al. (2010) provides a conceptual framework for how an FRA system can be structured:
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